Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

• treatments, ultrasonication, microwave irradiations, and microwave-assisted hydrothermal/pyrolysis are used in the green synthesis of CDs [41]. Hydrothermal methods convert the raw material into carbonized matter. Although relatively simple, the procedure takes several hours. Microwave irradiation, in

On the stability of microwave-fabricated SERS substrates – chemical and morphological considerations

• Limin Wang,
• Aisha Adebola Womiloju,
• Christiane Höppener,
• Ulrich S. Schubert and
• Stephanie Hoeppener

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 541–551, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.44

• salt to metallic silver by microwave irradiation in the presence of ethanol utilized as reducing agent (Figure 1a). In practice, the functionalization of the substrates requires only the placement of the cleaned glass supports into a microwave vial containing an aqueous silver acetate precursor co

• -mixed with ethanol. Subsequently, the closed microwave vials are subjected to microwave irradiation for two minutes. In the first phase of the microwave irradiation the temperature of the precursor mixture rapidly increases (see Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1 for the temperature diagram of a

• solution. Subsequently, the microwave vial was capped with an aluminum crimp cap and a Teflon septum seal and was subjected to microwave irradiation. The microwave was set to operate at a constant irradiation power of 300 W. According to our previous investigations of the process parameters, the synthesis

A review on the green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles and one-dimensional silver nanostructures

• Sina Kaabipour and
• Shohreh Hemmati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 102–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.9

• reducing agent in order to synthesize AgNPs [252]. In addition, AgNPs were synthesized by microwave irradiation [254][255], ionizing irradiation [252][256], and pulse radiolysis [252]. Since these techniques may be utilized to produce nanoparticles with harmless procedures, they may also be classified

Microwave-induced electric discharges on metal particles for the synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials under solvent-free conditions

• Vijay Tripathi,
• Harit Kumar,
• Anubhav Agarwal and
• Leela S. Panchakarla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1019–1025, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.86

• Vijay Tripathi Harit Kumar Anubhav Agarwal Leela S. Panchakarla Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India 10.3762/bjnano.11.86 Abstract Microwave irradiation of metals generates electric discharges (arcs). These arcs are used to generate

• microwave irradiation both in solution and in the solid state rapidly increases the reaction temperature and helps to improve reaction kinetics significantly. This reduces drastically the reaction time [9][10]. Non-thermal effects may also influence the reaction kinetics, which is still a subject of

• exposed to microwaves due to the formation of high electric field gradients at sharp edges on the metal surfaces [12]. The generation of arcs might be the reason why microwave irradiation has not been used to generate different nanomaterials from metal particles. However, some studies show that the

Soybean-derived blue photoluminescent carbon dots

• Shanshan Wang,
• Wei Sun,
• Dong-sheng Yang and
• Fuqian Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 606–619, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.48

• synthesizing CDs, including oxidation and reduction [13][14][15], laser ablation [16], microwave irradiation [9], pyrolysis [17], and hydrothermal treatment [18]. Some of these methods are tedious and time consuming and use strong acids and/or surface treatment to improve their water solubility and

Facile biogenic fabrication of hydroxyapatite nanorods using cuttlefish bone and their bactericidal and biocompatibility study

• Satheeshkumar Balu,
• Manisha Vidyavathy Sundaradoss,
• Swetha Andra and
• Jaison Jeevanandam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 285–295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.21

• calculated as 79.05 ± 0.453 nm and 219.66 ± 0.38 nm, respectively, derived from the TEM micrographs using ImageJ software, as shown in Figure 4h,i. Kumar et al. (2015) synthesized Hap nanorods with 40–60 nm width and 500 to 700 nm length using waste shells of snail via a microwave irradiation method [38

Nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond for nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging applications

• Alberto Boretti,
• Lorenzo Rosa,
• Jonathan Blackledge and
• Stefania Castelletto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2128–2151, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.207

Synthesis of nickel/gallium nanoalloys using a dual-source approach in 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazole ionic liquids

• Ilka Simon,
• Julius Hornung,
• Juri Barthel,
• Jörg Thomas,
• Maik Finze,
• Roland A. Fischer and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1754–1767, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.171

• terminal alkyne 1-octyne and the internal alkyne diphenylacetylene with yields of 90% and selectivities of 94% and 87%, respectively [30]. Results and Discussion Ni(COD)2 and GaCp* were dispersed in equimolar ratio in [BMIm][NTf2] for 24 h prior to the thermal decomposition. Through microwave irradiation

• thermal decomposition of Ni(COD)2 and GaCp*, two samples with shorter dispersion times of 1 h and 12 h were prepared. Ni(COD)2 and GaCp* were dispersed in equimolar ratio in [BMIm][NTf2] for 1 h prior to the thermal decomposition. Through microwave irradiation at 230 °C, a black powder was obtained after

• metal under the energy of the electron beam in the TEM. Thus, the orthorhombic Ga phase probably contains a few percent of metallic nickel. Similarly, Ni(COD)2 and GaCp* were dispersed in equimolar ratio in [BMIm][NTf2] for 12 h prior to the thermal decomposition. Through microwave irradiation at 230 °C

New micro/mesoporous nanocomposite material from low-cost sources for the efficient removal of aromatic and pathogenic pollutants from water

• Emmanuel I. Unuabonah,
• Robert Nöske,
• Jens Weber,
• Christina Günter and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 119–131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.11

• observation, we have modified the synthesis strategy using microwave irradiation rather than thermal treatment during synthesis. The resulting materials have been successfully used for the removal of phosphates and gram-negative bacteria from aqueous media [21][22]. Unfortunately, these materials are not

Accurate control of the covalent functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes for the electro-enzymatically controlled oxidation of biomolecules

• Naoual Allali,
• Veronika Urbanova,
• Mathieu Etienne,
• Xavier Devaux,
• Martine Mallet,
• Brigitte Vigolo,
• Jean-Joseph Adjizian,
• Chris P. Ewels,
• Sven Oberg,
• Alexander V. Soldatov,
• Edward McRae,
• Yves Fort,
• Manuel Dossot and
• Victor Mamane

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2750–2762, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.257

• . The SWCNTs were oxidized in acidic media using microwave irradiation to control the number of oxidized groups created on the CNT sidewalls [9][11]. Several microwave irradiation times were investigated but an optimum was found at around 20 min. Two different acidic media were tested: a quite

• CNTs in the aim of making an electrochemical biosensor, we performed the oxidation step using microwave irradiation. Microwaves indeed promote oxidation through a fast thermal activation, which enables performing the oxidation step in only a few minutes and allows one to roughly control the number of

• for HIPCO-HNO3-FcETG8 (Figure 5B). After oxidizing SWCNTs under acidic conditions under microwave irradiation, the atomic ratio of oxygen to carbon (%O/%C) is increased for both HNO3 and H2SO4 conditions. Furthermore, the number of oxygenated functions, quantified by the percentage of the C–O/C=O

Synthesis of rare-earth metal and rare-earth metal-fluoride nanoparticles in ionic liquids and propylene carbonate

• Marvin Siebels,
• Lukas Mai,
• Laura Schmolke,
• Kai Schütte,
• Juri Barthel,
• Junpei Yue,
• Jörg Thomas,
• Bernd M. Smarsly,
• Anjana Devi,
• Roland A. Fischer and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1881–1894, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.180

• , Supporting Information File 1). The rare-earth metal amidinates and Eu(dpm)3 were suspended under an argon atmosphere in dried IL or in PC. The compounds were decomposed by microwave irradiation for 20 min at a power of 50 W at a temperature of 230 °C (Scheme 1). The size distributions of the obtained

• more readily dried to residual water levels (determined by Karl Fischer titration) of below 10 ppm (cf. 30 ppm for [BMIm][BF4]). The rare-earth metal amidinates RE(amd)3 with RE = Pr(III), Gd(III), Er(III) and Eu(dpm)3 were suspended in [BMIm][NTf2] and decomposed by microwave irradiation for 20 min at

• temperature in the dried ILs [BMIm][BF4], [BMIm][NTf2] or in PC. In contrast to the PrF3- and EuF3-NPs syntheses of Schmitz et al. [12], the rare-earth metal amidinate precursors and [Eu(dpm)3] were decomposed by microwave irradiation (CEM, Discover) for 20 min at a power of 50 W to a temperature of 230 °C

A review of carbon-based and non-carbon-based catalyst supports for the selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide

• Shahreen Binti Izwan Anthonysamy,
• Syahidah Binti Afandi,
• Mehrnoush Khavarian and
• Abdul Rahman Bin Mohamed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 740–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.68

• interaction and oxide–oxide interactions that are unreachable otherwise [38]. Xiong et al. [39] prepared magnetic iron–cerium–tungsten mixed oxide pellets using a citric acid sol–gel process assisted by microwave irradiation for the SCR-NH3 of NO. They found that the dispersion of both cerium oxide and

Synthesis of metal-fluoride nanoparticles supported on thermally reduced graphite oxide

• Alexa Schmitz,
• Kai Schütte,
• Vesko Ilievski,
• Juri Barthel,
• Laura Burk,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Junpei Yue,
• Bernd Smarsly and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2474–2483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.247

• ; microwave irradiation; thermally reduced graphite oxide; Introduction Graphene is the parent compound of all graphitic carbon forms and a form of nanocarbon [1]. It has a large specific surface, is electrically and thermally conductive and has a high mechanical resistance [2]. The International Union of

• Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction [14]. In 2011, metal carbonyls in dispersion with TRGO and ionic liquid (IL) were exposed to short low-energy microwave irradiation. The resulting Ru@TRGO and Rh@TRGO particles had high catalytic hydrogenation activity [12]. Metallic nanoparticles on graphene have

• decomposition by microwave irradiation of the precursors in IL was achieved after only 10 min for Co(II) and 15 min for Fe(II), Eu(III) and Pr(III) using a low power of 50 W to give a temperature of 220 °C in the reaction mixture (Scheme 1). Black dispersions of nanocomposite materials were reproducibly

Two-dimensional carbon-based nanocomposites for photocatalytic energy generation and environmental remediation applications

• Suneel Kumar,
• Ashish Kumar,
• Ashish Bahuguna,
• Vipul Sharma and
• Venkata Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1571–1600, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.159

• ], microwave irradiation [60] and so on. Graphitic carbon nitride The covalent carbon nitride (C3N4) was discovered by Berzelius with heptazine units as basic structural units [61]. It is reported that C3N4 possesses seven different phases, viz., α-C3N4, β-C3N4, cubic-C3N4, pseudocubic-C3N4, g-h-triazine, g-h

Luminescent supramolecular hydrogels from a tripeptide and nitrogen-doped carbon nanodots

• Maria C. Cringoli,
• Slavko Kralj,
• Marina Kurbasic,
• Massimo Urban and
• Silvia Marchesan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1553–1562, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.157

• electron transfer and redox properties. There are two main methods to synthesize CNDs: top-down (e.g., laser ablation, electrochemical synthesis) and bottom-up (e.g., combustion, microwave irradiation) [1][2]. In particular, the use of microwave (MW) irradiation is an interesting synthetic approach, which

Enhanced catalytic activity without the use of an external light source using microwave-synthesized CuO nanopetals

• Govinda Lakhotiya,
• Sonal Bajaj,
• Arpan Kumar Nayak,
• Debabrata Pradhan,
• Pradip Tekade and
• Abhimanyu Rana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1167–1173, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.118

• nanostructures synthesized with microwave irradiation for 10 min and 15 min. The CuO sample obtained with the reaction time of 10 min was found to resemble a flower-like morphology. Increasing the reaction duration to 15 min resulted in distinct and individual, uniform features having a petal-like morphology

• times. Finally, the black powder was dried at 60 °C for 4 h and used for further characterization. The synthesis parameters such as reaction time, molar concentration of the precursors, and power of microwave irradiation were monitored so as to obtain phase-pure CuO nanoflowers and nanopetals. All the

Synthesis of graphene–transition metal oxide hybrid nanoparticles and their application in various fields

• Arpita Jana,
• Elke Scheer and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 688–714, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.74

• acid [60]. Despite the chemical reagent reduction, other reduction processes are used for the conversion of GO to graphene, e.g., microwave irradiation [61][62], electrochemical reduction [63][64], thermal annealing [46][65], photocatalytic reduction [66], solvothermal reduction [67][68], thermal

• graphene encapsulated Co3O4 NPs which have a high reversible capacity of 1000 mAh·g−1 over 130 cycles and is superior to Co3O4 NPs with respect to capacitor applications [185]. Kumar et al. have prepared graphene-wrapped Co3O4-intercalated hybrid nanostructures using microwave irradiation [186] and this

From iron coordination compounds to metal oxide nanoparticles

• Mihail Iacob,
• Carmen Racles,
• Codrin Tugui,
• George Stiubianu,
• Adrian Bele,
• Liviu Sacarescu,
• Daniel Timpu and
• Maria Cazacu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2074–2087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.198

• structure of hematite (JCPDS 33-0664), while the peaks found in the NPC2 diffractogram coincide with those of Cr1.3Fe0.7O3 (JCPDS 35-1112). Thus, the XRD results are in good agreement with IR and EDX observations in terms of oxide structure. Microwave irradiation Iron oxide nanoparticles (NPM series) were

• obtained by a procedure which consists of the decomposition of iron trinuclear μ3-oxo acetate ([Fe3O(CH3COO)6(H2O)3]NO3·4H2O), FeAc2, in a strongly alkaline medium by microwave irradiation (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S22). In order to obtain NPM2 and NPM0 oxides, the pH was adjusted to 12, while

• aqueous solution of FeAc2 and irradiated with a microwave irradiation (300 W) at 70 °C for 5 min. The precipitate obtained in all three cases was washed with distilled water to adjust the pH to a middle value. The IR spectra of NPM0–NPM2 samples are similar (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S23a

Influence of hydrothermal synthesis parameters on the properties of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles

• Sylwia Kuśnieruk,
• Jacek Wojnarowicz,
• Agnieszka Chodara,
• Tadeusz Chudoba,
• Stanislaw Gierlotka and
• Witold Lojkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1586–1601, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.153

• the microwave synthesis without post-reaction reheating effects. Microwave irradiation is a highly efficient heating method for transferring energy into the reaction chamber and provides more uniform heating with a rapid temperature rise in comparison with conventional heat transfer methods. MHS is

Microwave synthesis of high-quality and uniform 4 nm ZnFe₂O₄ nanocrystals for application in energy storage and nanomagnetics

• Christian Suchomski,
• Ben Breitung,
• Ralf Witte,
• Michael Knapp,
• Sondes Bauer,
• Tilo Baumbach,
• Christian Reitz and
• Torsten Brezesinski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1350–1360, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.126

• sonication for 5 min. The resulting dark red solution was transferred to a borosilicate vial (30 mL), sealed with a screw cap and heated at 200 °C under microwave irradiation for 25 min. The stirring rate was set to 300 rpm. After quenching with compressed cold air, the ZFO nanoparticles were precipitated by

Tunable longitudinal modes in extended silver nanoparticle assemblies

• Serene S. Bayram,
• Klas Lindfors and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1219–1228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.113

• mimic their equivalents in anisotropic isolated uncoupled particles such as nanoprisms [27] and nanorods [28][29]. In addition, attempts to chain the particles can induce unwanted soldering [23] upon UV irradiation or uneven heating when microwave irradiation is used [26]. The latter method also fails

• surface by a possible coordinate covalent bond. Kundu et al. have reported an influence of the pH value on the formation of silver nanochains reduced by 2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene upon microwave irradiation [26]. Increasing the temperature from 25 to 70 °C did not disrupt the AgNPs assembly as shown by the

A terahertz-vibration to terahertz-radiation converter based on gold nanoobjects: a feasibility study

• Kamil Moldosanov and
• Andrei Postnikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 983–989, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.90

• . [3] on plasmon resonance Raman scattering. For the microwave irradiation, a standard domestic microwave oven would offer a simple practical source at νRF = 2.45 GHz, i.e., hνRF ≈ 1.01·10−2 meV. As this is much smaller than the above phonon-related values, the peak outcome of the THz radiation is not

Synthesis and applications of carbon nanomaterials for energy generation and storage

• Marco Notarianni,
• Jinzhang Liu,
• Kristy Vernon and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 149–196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.17

• reduction are the high energy consumption due to high temperature and time consumption, given that the GO must slowly reach higher temperatures in order to prevent explosion of the material. For these reasons, other heating approaches based on microwave irradiation [122] and photoirradiation have been

Controlled graphene oxide assembly on silver nanocube monolayers for SERS detection: dependence on nanocube packing procedure

• Martina Banchelli,
• Bruno Tiribilli,
• Roberto Pini,
• Luigi Dei,
• Paolo Matteini and
• Gabriella Caminati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 9–21, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.2

• GO. Although fabrication of GO-covered nanoparticles has been explored using several methods such as voltammetric co-reduction [33], formation of composite graphene oxide/PAMAM–silver nanoparticles through self-assembly followed by microwave irradiation [34] and GO drop-casting onto amino

Ultrastructural changes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus induced by positively charged silver nanoparticles

• Dulce G. Romero-Urbina,
• Humberto H. Lara,
• J. Jesús Velázquez-Salazar,
• M. Josefina Arellano-Jiménez,
• Eduardo Larios,
• Anand Srinivasan,
• Jose L. Lopez-Ribot and
• Miguel José Yacamán

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2396–2405, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.246

• , microwave irradiation generated thermal energy that was able to convert silver nitrate into metallic silver. In such a manner, we are able to produce silver nanoparticles in water without the introduction of contaminants and toxic chemicals, such as borohydride or chloride. Determination of particle size